Mekanisme
Hvad tarm-hjerne-aksen egentlig er
Et reelt kommunikationssystem, som er grundigt karakteriseret i gnavere, men langt mindre veldokumenteret hos de mennesker, det markedsføres til.
Vejene
| Mekanisme | Mekanisme | Evidens hos mennesker |
|---|---|---|
| Vagusnerven | Afferente fibre transporterer signaler fra tarmen til hjernestammen | Anatomisk veldokumenteret; kausal rolle sværere at teste |
| Mikrobielle metabolitter | Kortkædede fedtsyrer og precursorer for neurotransmittere kommer ud i blodbanen | Målbare; nedstrøms effekter uklare |
| Immunsignalering | Tarmpermeabilitet og inflammatoriske cytokiner | Associationer er veldokumenterede; retningen er omdiskuteret |
| HPA-aksen | Stresshormoner ændrer tarmfunktionen og omvendt | Bidirektionel og veldokumenteret |
| Det enteriske nervesystem | Iboende tarmneuroner, der fungerer semi-uafhængigt | Godt karakteriseret |
Intet af dette er marginalvidenskab. Det enteriske nervesystem indeholder flere hundrede millioner neuroner og fungerer med betydelig autonomi. Tarmens tilstand påvirker sindsstemningen, og sindsstemningen påvirker tarmfunktionen, hvilket alle, der har været nervøse før en eksamen, allerede ved.
Kommunikationsveje mellem tarm og hjerne
Retningsproblemet
Et systematisk review finder mikrobiotaforskelle mellem mennesker med depression eller angst og kontrolpersoner [2]. Det afgørende spørgsmål er, i hvilken retning pilen peger.
Depression ændrer, hvad folk spiser, hvor meget de bevæger sig, hvordan de sover, og ofte hvilken medicin de tager. Hver enkelt af disse ændringer påvirker mikrobiomet. En forskel i den mikrobielle sammensætning er derfor præcis, hvad man ville forvente, hvis depression forårsager ændringer i mikrobiomet, og mikrobiomet selv intet gør.
Samme problem gælder litteraturen om metabolisk syndrom [3] og forskningen i autisme [4], hvor kostselektivitet er almindelig og i sig selv ville give mikrobiomforskelle.
Hvad der ville afgøre sagen
Randomiserede forsøg med veldefinerede mikrobiomindgreb, kliniske endepunkter, tilstrækkelig varighed og tilstrækkelig stikprøvestørrelse. De begynder at komme, og det er årsagen til, at denne side vil blive opdateret. Indtil da er den ærlige holdning, at aksen findes, men at de forbrugerprodukter, der er bygget på den, er udokumenterede — se probiotika.
Ofte stillede spørgsmål
Er tarmen virkelig en "anden hjerne"?
Kommer 90 % af serotoninet fra tarmen?
Kan en ændring af min kost påvirke mit humør via tarmen?
Hvad bør jeg egentlig gøre?
Relateret læsning
References
Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.
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